Continuous Hot Percolation Process Biology Essay

Continuous Hot Percolation Process Biology Essay The collected, cleaned and coarsely powdered of Clerodendrum phlomidis (Linn) was used for the extraction purposes. 1kg of powdered leaves was used. It was then extracted with various solvents from non polar to polar such as Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate and Methanol. The solvents used were distilled before use. The extraction was carried out with various solvents by of hot soxhlet extraction for 72 Hrs. After each solvent extraction, the extracts were filtered through whattmann filter paper to remove any impurities is present. PREPARATION OF EXTRACTS a) Petroleum ether extract of leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis (Linn). About 1kg of dry coarse powder was extracted first 5 liters of Petroleum ether (60-80 °C) in a hot soxhlet extraction using round bottomed flask for 72 Hrs. After completion of extraction the petroleum ether was filtered and concentrated to dry mass by vaccum distillation. A dark green colour residue (1.48 % w/w) was obtained. The extract was then stored in a desicator (Practical pharmacognosy. 1994). b) Chloroform extract of leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis (Linn). The marc left after Petroleum ether extract, was dried and subsequently extracted with 4 liters of Chloroform (40-60 °C) in a hot soxhlet extraction using round bottomed flask for 72 Hrs. After completion of extraction, it was filtered and the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure. A yellowish green colour residue (0.86 %w/w) was obtained .The extract was then stored in a desicator. c) Ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis (Linn). The marc left after Chloroform extract, was dried subsequently extracted with 3 liters of methanol (40-60 °C) in a hot soxhlet extraction using round bottomed flask for 72 Hrs. After completion of extraction, it was filtered and the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure. A brown colour residue (0.63 %w/w) was obtained. The extract was then stored in a desicator. d) Methanol extracts of leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis (Linn). The marc left after Ethyl acetate extract, was dried subsequently extracted with 2 liters of methanol (40-60 °C) in a hot soxhlet extraction using round bottomed flask for 72 Hrs. After completion of extraction, it was filtered and the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure. A dark brown colour residue (8.24 %w/w) was obtained. The extract was then stored in a desicator. From the weight of the each extractive residue, the extractive values were calculated in percentage. All the above extracts were used for identification of constituents by phytochemical tests and for the pharmacological studies. The yields of various extract were shown in the Table No: 1. Table No.1 EXTRACTIVE VALUES OF THE LEAVES OF CLERODENDRUM PHLOMIDIS (LINN) S.No EXTRACTS YEILD (gms) % YIELD (w/w) 1 Petroleum ether 14.8 1.48 2 Chloroform 8.6 0.86 3 Ethyl acetate 6.3 0.63 4 Methanol 82.4 8.24 QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Qualitative chemical tests were carried out for all the extracts of leaves of Clerodendrum phlomidis (Linn) to identify the various phytoconstituents. The various tests and reagents used are given below and observations are recorded. (Table No.2) Tests for carbohydrates: Molishs test: To 2-3 ml of extract, added few drops of ÃŽÂ ±-naphthol solution in alcohol, shaken and added concentrated H2SO4 form sides of the test tube was observed for violet ring at the junction of two liquids (Indian Pharmacopeia, vol II. 199). Fehlings test: 1 ml Fehlings A and Fehlings B solutions was mixed and boiled for one minute. Added equal volume of test solution. Heated in boiling water bath for 5-10 min was observed for a yellow, then brick red precipitate. Benedicts test: Equal volume of Benedicts reagent and test solution in test tube were mixed. Heated in boiling water bath for 5 min. Solution may appear green, yellow or red depending on amount of reducing sugar present in test solution Tests for Alkaloids Mayers test: To the 1 ml of extract, add 1 ml of Mayers reagent (Potassium mercuric iodide solution). Whitish yellow or cream colored precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. Dragendroffs test: To 1 ml of the extract, add 1 ml of Dragendroffs reagent (Potassium bismuth iodide solution). An orange-red precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. Hagers test: To 1 ml of the extract, add 1 ml of Hagers reagent (saturated aqueous solution of picric acid). A yellow colored precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. Wagners test: To 1 ml of the extract, add 1 ml of Wagners reagent (Iodine in potassium iodide solution). Formation of reddish brown precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. (Kokate C.K et.al, 2007). Tests for Glycosides Hydrolysis of extract: A minimum quantity of the extracts is hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid for few minutes on water bath and the hydrolysate is subjected to the following tests.  ¡). Legals test: To the hydrolysate 1 ml pyridine and few drops of sodium nitropruside solution added, then it is made alkaline with sodium hydroxide solution. Color change shows the presence of glycosides.  ¡Ã‚ ¡). Borntragers test: Hydrolysate is treated with chloroform and the chloroform layer is separated. To this, equal quantity of dilute ammonia solution is added. Color changes in the ammonical layer shows the presence of glycosides. Bal jets test: A test solution observed for yellow to orange color with sodium picrate. Keller Killiani test: Dissolve the extract in acetic acid containing traces of ferric chloride and transfer to a test tube containing sulphuric acid. At the junction, formation of a reddish brown color, which gradually becomes blue, confirms the presence of glycoside. Tests for Phyto Steroids Small quantity of extract is dissolved in 5 ml of chloroform separately. The above obtained chloroform solutions are subjected to Salkowski and Liebermann Burchard tests (Harbone. JB. 1973). Salkowski test: To the 1 ml of above prepared chloroform solution few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is added. Formation of brown ring indicates the presence of phytosterols. Liebermann Burchard test: The above prepared chloroform solutions are treated with few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid followed by 1 ml of acetic anhydride solution. A bluish green color solution shows the presence of phytosterols. Tests for Flavanoids Shinoda test: To dried powder or extract added 5 ml 95% ethanol, few drops concentrated HCl and 0.5 g magnesium turnings. Pink color was observed (Quality Control of Herbal Drugs. 2002). Ferric Chloride test: Test solution with few drops of ferric chloride solution shows intense green color. Alkaline reagent test: Test solution when treated with sodium hydroxide solution shows increase in the intensity of yellow color, which becomes colourless on addition of drops of dilute acid. Lead Acetate solution test: Test solution with few drops of lead acetate solution (10%) gives yellow precipitates. Test for terpenoids Dissolve 2 to 3 granules of tin metal in 2 ml of thionyl chloride solution. Then add 1 ml of the extract into the test tube. The formation of a pink color indicates the presence of terpenoids. 5 ml of aqueous extract of each plant sample is mixed with 2 ml of CHCl3 in a test tube. 3 ml of concentrated H2SO4 is carefully added to the mixture to form a layer. An interface with a reddish brown coloration is formed if terpenoids constituent is present. (Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 3(2), pp.068). Tests for Saponins Foam test: The extracts are diluted with 20ml of distilled water and then agitated in a graduated cylinder for 15minutes. Formation of foam layer indicates the presence of saponins. (Khandelwal K.R, 2007). Haemolytic test: Added test solution to one drop of blood placed on glass slide. Haemolytic zone whether appeared was observed. Tests for Proteins and Amino acids Biuret test: To 3 ml test solution added 4% NaOH and few drops of 1% CuSO4 solution observed for violet or pink color (Practical Pharmacognosy. 1996). Millions test: Mixed 3 ml test solution with 5 ml Millions reagent, white precipitate. Precipitate warmed turns brick red or precipitate dissolves giving red color was observed. Xanthoprotein test: Mixed 3 ml test solution with 1 ml concentrated H2SO4 observed for white precipitate. Ninhydrin test: 3 ml test solution and 3 drops 5% Ninhydrin solution were heated in boiling water bath for 10 min. observed for purple or bluish color Tests for Tannins and Phenolic compounds To 2 3 ml of extract, add few drops of following reagents: 5% FeCl3 solution: deep blue black color. Lead acetate solution: white precipitate. Gelatin solution: white precipitate. Bromine water: decoloration of bromine water. Acetic acid solution: red color solution. Dilute iodine solution: transient red color. Dilute HNO3: reddish to yellow color. Test for Fixed Oils and Fats Spot test: Small quantity of the extract is placed between two filter papers. Oil stain produced with any extract shows the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. Saponification test: Few drops of 0.5N alcoholic potassium hydroxide are added to the extract with few drops of phenolphthalein solution. Later the mixture is heated on water bath for 1 2 hours soap formation indicates the presence of fixed oils and fats in the extracts. Test for Gums and Mucilages Ruthenium red test: Small quantities of extract are diluted with water and added with ruthenium red solution. A pink color production shows the presence of gums and mucilages. TABLE NO: 2 QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTS OF LEAVES OF CLERODENDRUM PHLOMIDIS (LINN) TEST OF EXTRACTS PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACTS CHLOROFORM EXTRACTS ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACTS METHANOL EXTRACTS CARBOHYDRATES _ _ + + ALKALOIDS _ _ + + GLYCOSIDES + + + + PHYTO STEROIDS + + + + FLAVONOIDS _ + + + TERPENOIDS + + + + SAPONIN _ + + + TANNINS PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS + + + + FIXED OILS FATS + _ + + GUMS MUCILAGES _ + + + PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS _ + + + (+ ) = indicates presence, (-) = indicates absence Based on qualitative analysis we have selected Ethyl acetate extract of clerodendrum phlomidis (Linn) leaves for further studies because Ethyl acetate extract is having more phytoconstituents when compared to all other extracts.

Landfills problem in Hong Kong Essay

Imagine one day that we may have nowhere to dispose our waste, ______. You may be dubious that there is still a long way to this nightmare; however, according to the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, the three major strategic landfills in Hong Kong will be saturated in the mid to late 2010s. In other words, our landfills are going to be filled up within ten years. It implies that Hong Kong indeed has an imminent waste problem associated with the sturation of the landfills. At present, we depend merely on landfills to dispose of our garbage. Therefore, it will be inevitable for us to face great trouble concerning the disposal of waste if we pay no attention to this acute situation and allow it to deteriorate. Thesis statement 2. Problem Topic sentence (define the problem clearly) As time passing by in these few years, landfills Proof (provide concrete data or statistics to prove the existence/severity of the problem) Causes 1: wasteful lifestyle At present, most of Hong Kong’s food waste is disposed of at landfills together with other municipal solid waste. In 2011, there were some 8,996 tonnes of MSW disposed of at landfills each day. Of these, about 3,584 tonnes (39.8%) were food waste, constituting the largest MSW category being landfilled. Among the food waste disposed of daily, some 1,056 tonnes were generated from commercial and industrial (C&I) sources such as restaurants, hotels, wet markets, food production and processing industries. In recent years, the amount of food waste arising from the C&I sectors has increased steadily: from less than 400 tonnes per day in 2002 to over 1,000 tonnes per day in 2011. Cause 2: food waste Cause 3: limited land resources Negative consequences 3. Solution and Evaluation Solution 1: Topic sentence Explanation Advantages/Disadvantages Solution 2: Topic sentence Explanation Advantages/Disadvantages Solution 3: Topic sentence Explanation Advantages/Disadvantages 4. Conclusion Best solution Future outlook 5. References

The Do This, Get That Guide On How to Write a Reaction Paper

The Do This, Get That Guide On How to Write a Reaction Paper If you wish to take part in your paper writing procedure, you can merely tell your writer what exactly they should write about. Now it's time to begin writing a reaction paper. There are numerous reaction papers that you could be requested to write on, including movies and novels. If you are pleased with the paper, then it's ready. Try to remember your paper needs to be critical. Everyone want to have an ideal paper. Outlining a paper simply means planning your paper only the way it is possible to plan any other kind of writing. Reaction paper writing is among our demanded services. It can often be a lot more difficult than meets the eye. Reading samples of response papers is also an additional way by which you can easily learn how to compose a reaction paper to documentary. Importantly, writing an academic reaction paper differs because you've got to deliver a high excellent paper for grading. How to Find How to Write a Reaction Paper Online For instance, it might request that you respond to part of a text as an alternative to a complete text. In case the paper was asking you to provide a statement about your private opinion on the lecture, it's imperative that you conclude with this. You could be requested to react to a particular region of the story, and you've got to center your opinions to that section, therefore the instructions of the examiner are extremely key because your paper must reflect the question. How to Write a Reaction Paper Ideas In case you're not sure of what the paper is asking , it's highly recommended that you get clarification first. Figure out just what the assignment is seeking to be able to effectively select the very best angle to take in writing the paper. You have to think carefully and determine the value of the arguments that will be produced in the paper. In the majority of instances, reaction papers may be utilised in the future for references by other authors, and so you should think of clear content. The second portion of the paper is the point where the true work begins. In fact, prior to making an order it is possible to find a price quote on your essay. Your own personal information will stay completely confidential and won't be disclosed to any third party. Remember you ought to not just express your view or opinion about the job. You can imagine a response paper for a review that's part analysis and part opinion. At certain times, you might be requested to compose a response essay. This sample reaction papers may also offer y ou more ideas about how to compose a reaction paper to a lecture. You just don't state your response to what you've studied. Writing a reaction paper may be a true challenge, but at the exact same time that it can help you to increase your analytical abilities and share your opinion with the world! Based on what exactly the assignment is asking, now you can align your points correctly. Ensure your reaction paper isn't an overview of the work that you must respond to or a presentation of random examples that aren't related to your key points. You have to have great writing skills and spend plenty of time checking the last paper on errors and mistakes. Writing a reaction paper can be a really challenging undertaking, so many students use examples to find out more about its structure and key capabilities. Inadequate knowledge of reaction paper format is why lots of students find it impossible to cope with these kinds of assignments. Reaction papers can be assigned on the groun ds of topics that could be incomprehensible for a number of students. They are common assignments at school and knowing how to write them will help you to easily handle other academic papers as well.

The Issue Of Gun Laws - 870 Words

Who are the changes of gun laws going to affect the law-abiding citizen, or the criminal? Is it ok of the government to strip away the people’s Constitutional rights? There are two different sides to every debate. Reasons not to confine gun laws even more would be the second Amendment Right to bear arms, the effect on law-abiding citizens vs. the effect on the criminal, and has it been effective thus far. With all of the gun violence that is taking place, it is not hard to see where one may feel that restricting gun laws is the answer. People are angry that so many innocent people keep getting killed at the hands of criminals with guns. The thought of banning guns is logical and anyone can understand why someone may feel this way. These people are right in the sense; no it is not ok for this to keep happening to innocent people. There are two sides to every story. What or who is committing the crime though the gun or the person? 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